Perceptions of intercultural empathy, peace, and the "other" among Palestinians and Israelis : a qualitative analysis utilising grounded theory and integrated threat theory (ITT) : a dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Communication at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand

International conflict among and within nations is becoming more dire and magnified. Cyclical violence ensues as the victim/oppressor paradigm is perpetuated, thus instigating militant discourse. Cyclical violence becomes an anticipated pattern, while simultaneously appearing unavoidable due to antiquated or otherwise inadequate peace processes, most often overlooking the most vulnerable. To address these concerns, this research project explores the broad interplay of intercultural empathy, perceptions of peace and the “other,” and elements of integrated threat theory. Specifically, this study explores how Israelis conceptualize intercultural empathy in regard to Palestinians and examines how Israelis perceive the possibility of peace within the Palestinian Israeli conflict. “Peace” as a concept is explored in addition to “intercultural empathy,” and how Israelis conceptualize these familiar words. This study also explores what factors or experiences have influenced Palestinian and Israeli individuals’ perception of the “other.” This study adds to our understanding of the Israelis’ perspective of the “other” as the dominant group and influencer within the Palestinian Israeli conflict. Results reported in this dissertation indicate a significant perception of realistic and symbolic threat from Israeli participants toward Palestinians. It was also found participants had a cognitive understanding of empathy and intercultural empathy, though that understanding did not necessarily translate into more productive emotional empathy or position taking. Peace as an outcome was overwhelmingly viewed as impossible by Israeli participants. This dissertation contributes to the field of integrated threat theory from a qualitative approach in the context of intercultural conflict. This paper is a starting point for researchers and those involved in curricula development and intercultural training when engaging conflicting parties in key peacebuilding processes